About the city of Sumy.

History of the city of Sumy

The territory of present Sumy area is known in the Kiev Russia and was a part of the Rejaslavsky princedom. After devastating tataro-Mongolian invasion this district in XIII - has received XIV centuries the name of a wild field and represented open southern borders of the centralised Moscow state in the beginning of XVI century. Russian government, carrying out active to the policy on strengthening of southern borders of the Moscow state and its territorial development, stated extreme interest in creation of the strengthened settlements. During this period migration of peasants from Russia and Ukraine to what the message ïóòèâëüñêîãî âîåâîäû M.Troekurova testifies amplifies: "Nowadays, a sovereign, - writes it in 1546 to Moscow, - in the field it is a lot of Cossacks, both ÷åðêàñöåâ, and êèÿí, and yours ãîñóäàðåâûõ, left, a sovereign, in the field from all óêðàèí".

However the organisation of stanichno-caretaking service and developed, a little severe, rules: "... And which guard, not having waited to itself to an exchange with guard will descend... And to those watchmen áûòè are executed by death", have only partially solved a problem of protection of southern borders. There was a necessity of building of cities of fortresses, i.e. military cities: Ëèâíû, Voronezh (1586), Belgorod, Yelets, Oskol, Âàëóéêè (1593), Êðîìû, Öàðåáîðèñîâ (1600).

Historical preconditions of formation

The Ukrainian peasants who were at this time under a yoke of Speech Ïîñïîëèòîé, have started to move in southern steppes since II half XVI century. Process of migration of the Ukrainian immigrants proceeded to the middle of XVIII century

The basis of Sumy has reflected a number of the general historical processes everywhere occurring on Ñëîáîæàíùèíå. One of the reasons of occurrence of a city was the political situation of second half XVII century In 1651 the Ukrainian Cossacks under leadership Áîãäàíà Khmelnitskiy have suffered defeat under Áåðåñòå÷êîì which consequence was strengthening of operation and national oppression of the Ukrainian people the Polish magnates.

Cockleshell-Romanovsky — the author of "Annals Ñàìîâèäöà" informs the novel on this event: "Then Khmelnitskiy, expecting óãîäíîãî to time omission, has allowed óòåñíåííîìó from poles to the people to descend from cities to Ïîëòàâùèíå and abroad to Great Russia on life and from this time have begun ñåäàòè Sumy, Ëåáåäèí, Kharkov, Àõòûðêà and many ñëîáîäñêèå places already to Don the Cossack people." Almost identical description it is found in Grigory Grabjanko's annals.

Why "Sumy"... In legends.

This version all pre-revolutionary historians retell P.I.Kovalevsky in the monography "History Ìàëîðîññèè" and practically. The Soviet researcher of history of Russian architecture L.M.Tver fairly carries Sumy to cities which "had double appointment: first, as a refuge for the population running from oppression of the polsko-Lithuanian sirs; secondly, as points of defence of southern and southwest boundaries of Russian state". The city of Sumy is based in 1652-1653 as references XVIII-XIX - the beginnings of XX centuries And a number of modern istoriko-architectural researches testify.

In the archival document from July, 25th, 1655 100 families of immigrants from the city of Stavishcha of the Belotserkovsky regiment led by ataman Gerasim Kondratyev which have received the permission to lodge on Ïñëå - the river near the river Sumy are mentioned.

Concerning the name of Sumy there are some versions and legends. Philaret informs on one of them: "... At the river Sumy three have been found hunting ñóìû and on them the name of district with åÿ small rivers" has been given. The legend can be recognised by fair in the relation to small rivers, but not in the relation to the name or an origin of a city which was called as Sumin, it is obvious on river Ñóìå.

Why "Sumy"... Opinion of modern historians.

A number of modern researchers authors of a historical sketch about Sumy state doubt in plausibility of a legend, in particular J.M.Krugljak. The Soviet researcher of city heraldry V.S.Drachuk explains the image of the arms the above-stated legend. That the legend had a certain historical basis, the publication of 1901 in "the Kiev Olden time" in which it is informed on transfer to E.D.Kondratyev's gift, the descendant of the founder of a regiment and a city, "maces, a sabre and Gerasim Kondratyev's gold bag" testifies.

Thus, in 1652-1658 the first building stage of formation of the most ancient kernel of a fortified city (a wooden jail) and inhabited ïîñàäà has come to the end. To judge their initial shape on the basis of the description of 1653 it is inconvenient. It is possible to assume only, that the fortress erected in 1653-1658 did not represent strengthened enough frontier point which has undergone in 1659 to an attack of the Crimean Tatars.

At this time destructive for young fortified cities Ñëîáîæàíùèíû attacks of the Crimean Tatars have become frequent. Conditions have been complicated by internal political events, change of the hetman Vygovsky which in the versatile persons sent to Kharkov, Àõòûðêó and Sumy, etc. region cities, called the Ukrainian immigrants, basically the Cossacks, to war with Russia.

The Ukrainian Cossacks. Russian government, pursuing the aim of strengthening of southern borders of the centralised Moscow state from intrusion of the Crimean Tatars, originally supports historically developed êàçà÷åñêèé a system and its social hierarchy. The Ukrainian Cossacks, as is known, have arisen in the end of XV century, have become stronger during XVI-XVII centuries owing to struggle of broad masses against the Ukrainian, Polish, Lithuanian feudal lords, and also against the Turkish-Tatar aggression. Hence, preservation of former hierarchical division of the Cossacks on Cossack the foreman and krestjansko-Cossack weight was mutually advantageous as representatives of the Cossack top which have kept the leading economic positions, and the Russian government which has received in the name of the Ukrainian Cossacks organised enough and numerous military force. Thus, in second half XVII century In Slobodsky Ukraine there was a difficult internal political situation which, undoubtedly, has accelerated the organisation of the Cossack regiments. In 1652 the Ostrozhsky regiment first in Slobodsky Ukraine has been generated from the Ukrainian Cossacks. Soviet historian A.Sljusarsky comes out with the assumption, that this ñëîáîäñêîé the Cossack regiment has been based on ×åðíèãîâùèíå even before resettlement to Slobodsky Ukraine.

Sumy the Cossack regiment.

Sumy the Cossack regiment has been created from the Ukrainian Cossacks within 1652-1658 the Ukrainian immigrants Cossacks made the most part of the population of a city to what census of Sumy From 2740 inhabitants - 1642 Cossacks testifies 1660, 1060 petty bourgeoises and 38 peasants. On national structure the city population has been presented Russian ñëóæèëûìè by people âîåâîäû Arsenyev and immigrants from Ukraine ataman Gerasim Kondratyev who in 1658 has been selected by the colonel Sumy ñëîáîäñêîãî a shelf. The organisation ñëîáîäñêèõ the Cossack regiments has come to the end basically in 80th years of XVII century

Fortified city.

Territory Ñëîáîæàíùèíû has been divided into five regiments in which head there were the colonels supervising military men, administrative and actions of proceeding on territories of regiments. The regiment consisted of regimental hundreds led by ñîòíèêîì, õîðóíæèì, åñàóëîì and the clerk. Undoubtedly, that transformation of of Sumy into a regimental city a difficult internal situation in this region promoted hard works on erection of more reliable city strengthenings.

In the description of a city of 1678 the territory of a fortress which together with ïîñàäîì occupied a site in length of 3426 sazhens, and on "is underlined to a city of 4 towers with travellers collars, 23 towers deaf persons, and on a jail of 8 travellers of gate, from a city a hiding place to the river Pslu". It is necessary to specify, that this description only fortresses. The concept "city" was identical at that time to the term "fortress" as specifies a number of researchers. Hence, the "city" constructed of oak wood, occupied the cape most part, and the southeast party from river Ïñåë was adjoined the small sizes by a jail. From a West side to river Ïñåë there passed a hiding place - an underground course which provided defenders of a fortress with water during a siege.

The end of XVII century city Development.

Along with fortress strengthening the architectural shape inhabited ïîñàäà was formed. In 1681 the church of Christmas of the Virgin here has been built and consecrated. The church took places, possibly, on a place of crossing of present streets Peter and Paul and Àíòîíîâà. Historical plans of XVIII century where the area is shown indirectly testify To it. Therefore it is possible to assume, that in 1652-1680 the basic were outlined ïëàíèðîâî÷íûå knots of historical city centre. During this period round wooden temples of Christmas of the Virgin on ïîñàäå, Transformations Ãîñïîäíÿ and Nikolaev churches in fortress territory have started to develop the first city areas which have defined subsequently ïëàíèðîâî÷íóþ a composition of a historical kernel. To these architectural dominants the direction of streets in the area of placing of city gate has been turned. Sumy represented well strengthened city to this period. The author testifies to it "Annals Ñàìîâèäöà":" To fate 1676 colonel Starodubovsky Ðîñëàâåö which ïðåç êèëêàíàäöàòü ëiò the colonel being, and not çàõîòiâøè áèòè under ïîñëóøåíñòâîì the, ïîéøîë to Moscow æåáû was got by a yak of a city - óêðàiííiÿ Moscow: Sumy and Ðèáíîå ".

Sumy in the centre of events of Russian history.

In 80th years of XVII century Sumy has appeared in the centre of events of Russian history. At this time Russian state combated, which got more and more offensive character, against sultan Turkey and the Crimean khanate. It was promoted by the introduction of the Moscow state into the Antiturkish union, "Sacred league" which consisted of the European states: Speeches Ïîñïîëèòîé, Austria and Venice. On a condition of signing of the contract "the Treatise about an everlasting peace" with these countries Russia was obliged to oppose the Crimean khanate.

On the basis of the description of 1686 it is possible to assert, that in 70th years of XVII item the fortress territory has been protected enough high âåí÷àòîãî type by a fencing, "ones and a half ñàæåí" which has replaced the initial paling established in 1652-1658 the instructions of design feature of a fortress Are of interest: "the City Sumin oak to wood, ðóáëåí òàðàñàìè". "Òàðàñû" are mentioned in references of XVI century and two ðóáëåíûå represented walls, external and internal, connected perpendicular to them the cross-section walls forming âåí÷àòûé ñðóá which in Old Russian architecture named "ãîðîäíåé".

Gerasim Kondratyev Odnako, unlike a fortification, ðóáëåííîé "ãîðîäíåé" and consisting of a number closed ñðóáîâ which at rotting gave, the wooden fencing of type "òåðàñû" represented more integral design which internal cages were fallen asleep by the earth with a stone.

In due course Gerasim Kondratyev and his sons Grigory, Andrey, the Novel for true service to the tsar become the largest land owners in territory of the Sumy regiment on absolutely concessionary terms as the reading and writing of 1677 testifies æàëîâàííàÿ: "ordered to it, the colonel with children, from an estate in îò÷èíó áåçîáðî÷íî". Gradually Êîíäðàòüåâû turn to representatives of Cossack aristocracy. In the beginning of XVIII century Êîíäðàòüåâû were owners over 20 villages with peasants.

According to documents General ìåæåâàíèÿ 1785, Kondratyev belonged over 119 thousand äåñÿòèí the earths.

In a city Kondratyev the large manor in territory of the Lipetsk site of ancient settlement belonged.

Voskresensky and Nikolaev churches. In 1694 Gerasim Kondratyev on the present area of Independence again builds on a place burnt down wooden Nikolaev a temple. Gerasim Kondratyev in 1701 His son Andrey in 1700-1706 has died was in a military campaign. Therefore it is difficult to assume, that the Voskresensky church consecrated in 1702 as Philaret confirms, it is constructed by Andrey Kondratyev. Most likely, building of Voskresensky church has been begun in the end of XVII century during lifetime of Gerasim Kondratyev, probably, simultaneously with the above-stated wooden temple, i.e. in 1694 the Voskresensky church nowadays existing, has been put on a longitudinal axis with Nikolaev and was the first stone construction in a city.

Thus, in the end the XVII-beginning of XVIII centuries stone Voskresensky church and wooden Nikolaev have begun formation of two church areas: Voskresensky and Nikolaev which make now a uniform volume-spatial composition of the present area of Independence. The previous name the Petrovsky area has received owing to a residence here Russian tsar Peter I on the eve of the Poltava fight in the Russian-Swedish war.

Peter I stay in Sumy.

In Sumy the extensive historical literature which represents annals of political events of the Poltava fight in a chronological order is devoted Peter I residence. Political grounds have found reflexion in manifestos of Swedish king Charles XII and Russian tsar Peter.

Charles XII, from its part, having entered the union with Mazepa, aspired to win round the Ukrainian Cossacks. Peter I position has reflected its aspiration to strengthen the Russian statehood. Speed of the edition of manifestos unusual to this time that testifies to presence in Sumy city printing house however amazes. The site of printing house of the beginning of XVIII century is not established. Probably, it was in a two-storeyed building near to Voskresensky church (the Independence area, 15).

About presence in an investigated historical kernel of a small house of Peter I to speak inconveniently. The instructions Levitsky, causing trust the serious maintenance of a historical material, testify that Peter I small house was "in a court yard, it is a little obliquely from the street named Monastic" (nowadays lane Òåðåçîâà).

Formation regular ðîòû in Sumy to a regiment.

On the basis of comparison of historical materials with nowadays existing building it is possible to assert, that an apartment house where Peter I stopped, has not remained. But the memorable places connected with stay of Peter I, are traditionally known - a part of the area of Independence with Voskresensky church, the Spaso-Preobrazhenskiy cathedral. Tsar Peter has arrived on December, 1 25st, 1708 together with guards from Ëåáåäèíà to Sumy. On January, 1st, 1709 was present at the Spaso-Preobrazhenskiy cathedral on fulfilment ìîëåáíà. The military council on which position and the plan of the further actions was discussed on January, 6th, 1709 has taken place. On February, 3rd, 1709 Peter I has left in Àõòûðêó.

In 1708 Sumy among cities of Slobodsky Ukraine was a part of the Azov province, and in 1718 - the Kiev province.

The relative autonomy Cossack ñëîáîäñêèõ regiments in the first quarter of XVIII century is liquidated, and, despite increase in their number, a shelf gradually turn to active armed forces of Russian army of department of Military Board. In 1730 the second has been generated from local population on Ñëîáîæàíùèíå regular ðîòà in Sumy to a regiment that has begun military reform 1732-1737

The middle of XVII century Sumy loses defensive functions. At board ñëîáîäñêèìè by regiments it has been assigned to the prince Shahovsky - the chief of Office of the commission of establishment ñëîáîäñêèõ regiments which in 1732 has taken places in Sumy.

Historical documents testify, that in Sumy weapon business actively developed. Besides, city growth was promoted by its placing on a trading way, so-called Zakolonsky øëÿõó which conducted from a city in direction Ïóòèâëÿ and Ðûëüñêà, connected here with Bakayev øëÿõîì, to leaders to Dnepr, that in II half XVIII century has defined transformation of the military city of Sumy into the large trading exhibition centre. In 1732 in a city lived more than 7700 inhabitants that testifies that the territory of a city in comparison with 1660 has doubled.

According to the description of 1732 in a fortress and ïîñàäå lived 3823 persons, i.e. half of all population of a city, and 975 court yard, 1140 wooden log huts that testifies to density of building of a historical kernel of a city took places.

In 30-90th years - XVIII century the Sumy fortress loses defensive functions and value of a strong point of Russian army.

XVIII century the Ukrainian line. Taurian area.

In 1731-1742 at participation ate ñëîáîäñêèõ the regiments consisting of 20 000 Ukrainian Cossacks and 10 000 peasants, belonging Cossack to the foreman and clergy, the new strengthened border zone - the Ukrainian line which was stretched on 268 versts to the Collum has been built on the south from the Belgorod line. The Ukrainian line represented a chain real shaft with 16 fortresses which were erected basically in a kind áàñòèîííûõ quadrangles.

Russian government, having finished construction of the Ukrainian line, has created the strengthened Prichernomorsky base placed near to Crimea for the purpose of an exit to Black sea. However this problem has not been solved in Russian-Turkish war 1736-1738, and has been realised only in 60-90th years of XVIII century as a result of two victorious Russian-Turkish wars: 1768-1774, 1787-1791 when on the basis of the peace treaty Russia was definitively fixed in Crimea.

As a result of territorial development of the Moscow state which has received at Peter I the name of Russian empire, Sumy turns to an internal country town of Slobodsky Ukraine which in the south bordered with Ekaterinoslavsky íàìåñòíè÷åñòâîì, formed officially in 1784 With joining of Crimea to Russia the Taurian area has been based.

Destiny of the Sumy fortress in second half XVIII centuries. Ò åððèòîðèÿ Slobodsky Ukraine, in connection with liquidation in the mid-sixties of XVIII century ñëîáîäñêèõ the Cossack regiments and their replacement regular óëàíñêèìè and hussar regiments, it has been transformed to the Slobodsko-Ukrainian province with district cities in former regimental cities. In 1780 the Slobodsko-Ukrainian province is renamed in Kharkov íàìåñòíè÷åñòâî.

The Sumy fortress, within century, beginning from 1658, defining architectural shape of a city, in second half XVIII century practically is not used, that has caused a collapse of a hiding place-underground of a course to river Ïñåë, îáâåòøàíèå towers with travel collars and earthen îñûïàíèå a ditch. The length of the "main" earthen shaft along fortifications, on the basis of the description of 1767, made 1015 sazhens. The width of a shaft reached 7 sazhens, as well as the ditch deepened on 1 sazhen.

The territory of the Sumy earthen fortress turns at this time to the park zone first in a city decorated with willows which was stretched to coastal lines of the rivers: Sumy, Bags, Sang. The description of historical city centre Sumy testifies to it made in the end of XVIII century V.I.Jaroslavskim also: "... Those years it was pleasant to stroll in the city of Sumy: dams from both parties are dawned by willows... The river Psel flew more widely present beside a city... Behind it at all there were no dwellings... Baths over Ñóìêîþ"

Formation of large villages round churches in a city.

It is necessary to notice, that round a historical kernel of a city in 30th years of XVIII century large villages, subsequently city areas Zasumki, Ïåðåêîïà, the New place have started to be formed. Indirect certificates are mentions in historical documents on existence of wooden churches on Çàñóìêå, the New place which at that time served as the centres of gravity of a public life of a city, that simultaneously assumes presence of populated district.

In the description of a city of 1788 data that the architectural shape of a city basically has been presented by wooden buildings which was 1237, and stone - 2, trading benches - 40, inhabitants - 10 495 persons contain.

The plan of a city of the beginning of XIX century testifies to transformation of Sumy into large enough district city known in Slobodsky Ukraine and Russia as the exhibition centre. Behind east rampart on a longitudinal axis from the present Red area the bridge over boggy sleeves of river Ïñåë, connected with "post road" to Kharkov through Àõòûðêó which, undoubtedly, had transit value has been thrown.

Growth of urban population and êîëëè÷åñòâà residential buildings. Development of crafts.

The second transit road to Kursk in northern part of a city from Çàñóìêè passed in area of present Kursk street. The third transit road conducting in Áåëîïîëüå, also has now kept the name of the beginning of XIX century the Fourth road - Gadjachsky - in a southern part of a city passed on present street Petropav - ëîâñêîé.

Sumy in the first decade of XIX century represented a city which dynamically developed owing to social stratification of the urban population which is engaged in trade, the industry, crafts.

In "the Dictionary geographical the Russian state", published in 1807 in Moscow A.ShChekatovym, it is informed: "... Inhabitants of a different rank: merchants 47, petty bourgeoises 584, shop 727, the gipsy 2, army inhabitants 3275, peasants 26, citizens ÷åðêàñ 290... A state structure 4, trading benches, narrow-minded houses stone 2, wooden 2058". Hence, quantity of wooden buildings in a city of all for 15 years has increased twice (in 1788 - 1237 wooden houses) and consequently the figure resulted Ùåêàòîâûì about quantity of urban population which remained at level of 1788, is doubtful. Undoubtedly, as the city population in connection with growth of city habitation has increased twice and according to the most conservative estimates made from above 20 000 persons.

The beginning industrial ðîñòàâ first half XIX century

In "Çåìëåîïèñàíèè" E.Zjablovskogo is underlined to Russian empire, that a number of projected factories on plans of the beginning XIX in, have been built - "soap-producing, candle, grease, tanning". The Skinnery was on the coastal party of river Ïñåë on an axis from present street Antonova.

The historical kernel of a city in 20th years of XIX century entered into the first police part which was built up with the most capital buildings of merchant class and official bodies. About it the sheet testifies to the state and public structures, made in 1824: "the Stone building for offices space at length of 2 1/2 arshins, and at width 6 òðåàðøèííûõ sazhens, about 12 rooms".

In 1812 near to offices the city council building is erected: "the House stone space at length of 6 1/2 arshins, at width 4 1/2 òðåõàðøèííûõ sazhen, about 5 rooms, is covered øàëåâêàìè... Under this house two ïîäõîäíûõ stone cellars... At this house... A wooden barn, a stone bench with a wooden side-altar... (It is given to time ÿðìàðêîâ in employment)... Consists in durability..."

Development of the Sumy architecture.

Among constructions which were in territory of the former fortress, the wooden barracks "at length 10 ñàæåí" which took places on a site of an internal citadel are mentioned. It is mentioned wooden "ãîââàõòà" - in 1804 it has been disassembled and built stone "about 4 rooms", and also numerous wings, barns, cellars which took places in courtyards of the state and merchant manors.

In the beginning of XIX century the first stone buildings are erected on the New place. The existing district school in the twenties is presented in the description by a stone building XIX century. During this period the city hospital has been built.

However Sumy in the beginning of XIX century has found reflexion and new art processes which take a little isolated place in history of domestic architecture in building of.

As a result - the natural inspection of constructions spent in 1986 by institute "Óêðïðîåêòðåñòàâðàöèÿ", brick vaulted cellars which are placed in borders of existing buildings are found out.

In level of the ground floor of two cases of trading numbers vaulted overlappings and traces of arch apertures which are read and on facades of constructions have remained.

Changes in town-planning 1830-1850ã.ã.

Therefore it is possible to assert, that architecturally-constructive and ïëàíèðîâî÷íîå the decision of constructions in the form of galleries with arcades with strict metric order of the arch apertures conducting in cells-benches adjoining to each other, put a complex of trading numbers in number of highly professional constructions of classicism of the mature period. Leading architectural motive - the open arcade or a colonnade define expressiveness of a composition of trading numbers in architecture of Russia and Ukraine of the end XVIII-has begun XIX centuries - trading numbers in Nizhni Novgorod (1782), Yaroslavl (1813-1831), ãîñòèíûé a court yard in Kaluga (1785-1821), Êàñèìîâå (1826).

The architecture and town-planning of late classicism undergo the essential changes which have reflected social and economic conditions of the introduction of Russia during the capitalist period of development in 1830-1850. During this period in classicism architecture on the foreground more strict acts, rather than earlier, "geometrical orderliness of forms, both separate buildings, and architectural complexes, cities as a whole". These lines note also the general plan of Sumy 1845

The territory of a city in the area of existing earthen shaft passed in whole on the former border established by the first general plan of 1786 (the plan of a city of 1768 was not "âûñî÷àéøå" êîíôèðìîâàí).

Trade. Telegraph. A Ry highway.

Inclusion of Sumy in trunk-railway Ëþáîòèí - Sumy - the Fortunetelling, the cable message founded in the early seventies has strengthened 1878 economic relations of a city with other regions of Ukraine and Russia.

The Sumy fairs during this period get again the All-Russia value. In connection with sugar industry development in Slobodsky Ukraine specialisation of exhibition trade in a city has changed: "a different sort trade in enough considerable degree is made in it constantly, on advantage however by sugar and granulated sugar... But in particular this trade accepts... The wide sizes during Vvedensky fair happening there". The known pre-revolutionary historian of the Kharkov province J.Goljahovsky, underlining value of Sumy in 1860-1870, specified, that in connection with placing in a city of district court the decision of "establishment of the cable message" is accepted.

Building çåìñêîé justices (present regional museum of local lore) that testified to territorial distribution of function of the city centre for limits of a historical kernel is in the late eighties complete. Therefore after building end çåìñêîé justices the building of offices of the end of XVIII century has been disassembled.

End of creation of a volume-spatial exposition of parts of a city.

It is the most probable, that the building çåìñêîé justices was projected by known Kharkov architect Beketov, the affinity of composition methods testifies To it - the original decision of the semicircular central part finished by a dome that has given the chance to A.N.Beketov in both cases at designing of an architectural complex of a medical society in Kharkov and çåìñêîé justices in Sumy to underline town-planning value of constructions.

In 1882-1892 capital reconstruction of the Spaso-Preobrazhenskiy cathedral under the project of known Kharkov architect Lovtsova is made. In 1882-1885 the 56-metre belltower which was an architectural dominant of city value is constructed and has finished is volume - a spatial composition of a historical kernel of a city. Ñèëóýòíàÿ the composition of the historical centre was supplemented with verticals of the Voskresensky, Nikolaev and Pokrovsk churches accenting ïëàíèðîâî÷íûå knots of the areas and Gymnasia square.

On the eve of the first imperialistic war formation of a volume-spatial composition of a part of the present area of Independence which represented in the end the XIX-beginning of XX centuries the extensive space surrounded with two-storeyed building of quarters has come to the end.

Construction of the Nikolaev church and building of regional court.

The decision of the area was a consequence of mechanical repetition on the general plan 1845ã. Town-planning analogues of late "Nikolaev" classicism - the Petersburg areas for military parades that demanded with a view of more harmonious ïðîïîðöèîíèðîâàíèÿ (a parity between height of building and width of the area) erection of the additional high-rise accents, capable to organise and simultaneously to dismember ïðîòÿæåííîå space. Partially this problem has been solved in the beginning of XX century In 1906 near to Voskresensky church the belltower in a Baroque taste, put on one longitudinal axis with the Nikolaev church has been erected separately standing, ÷åòûðåõÿðóñíàÿ. However completely this challenge managed to be solved in 1912-1914 to the academician of architecture to the Prussian - to the author of the project of a building of district court (has not remained). The architect has placed êóáîîáðàçíûé, the three-storyed case of district court in the area centre between constructions of a belltower of Voskresensky church and the Nikolaev church and has visually dismembered huge space on two independent, but areas spatially connected among themselves - Petrovsky and Nikolaev. Besides, the architecture of a building of the district court, solved in style of neoclassicism, served as a style refrain to classical architecture of the Nikolaev church (has not remained).

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